Half of New York City’s population is at risk of ‘extreme’ flood damage

April 22, 2026

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Half of New York City’s population is at risk of ‘extreme’ flood damage

While New York City leads in terms of the absolute number of people threatened by flood, more than 98 percent of New Orleans’ population is at risk, according to a new study

By Adam Kovac edited by Claire Cameron

Aerial view of the aftermath from Superstorm Sandy on October 31, 2012 in the Breezy Point neighborhood of the Queens borough of New York City.

Mario Tama/Getty Images

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Years have passed since Hurricanes Sandy and Katrina devastated New York City and New Orleans, respectively, but the two cities are at risk of devastating floods—and climate change could make the situation even worse.

More than 4.7 million New Yorkers risk being affected by floods in some way. And of these, almost 4.4 million are at risk of “extreme” flood damage, a new study published in Science Advances on Wednesday found. In terms of actual numbers, the city has the largest vulnerable population in the U.S., but New York City pales in comparison to New Orleans in terms of at-risk population per capita. In New Orleans, more than 98 percent of the residents are at risk.

What makes the situation more dire, says study co-author Wanyun Shao, is that many of the people living in the areas of those cities that are most likely to be affected by flooding belong to already at-risk populations. Shao and her colleagues used data collected from storms that occurred between 2012 and 2017 to determine where people were at most risk of floods and then analyzed those areas’ demographic information. They found that people living below the poverty line, those belonging to minority groups, people with no high school diploma and children below the age of five and the elderly were disproportionately more likely to be affected by flooding.

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“It’s not a surprise that those cities that stand out as high-risk are coastal cities along the Gulf and Atlantic Coast,” says Shao, who is an associate professor of geography at the University of Alabama. “Nevertheless, we want to put that abstract level of awareness into tangible numbers, that the coastal region is at the forefront of climate change and coastal flood hazards.”

The situation could get worse as the effects of climate change lead to more frequent and powerful storms. As the world warms, more water from the ocean is evaporating into the atmosphere, leading to more moisture that can fall as rain, leading to more intense and extreme weather. When a lot of rain falls very quickly, the ground can’t soak up the water—leading to floods. The damages can extend into the billions of dollars. And as happened in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy, the floods can be deadly.

The new study highlights several other major U.S. coastal population centers as at high risk of floods. They include Norfolk, Va., Charleston, S.C., Miami, Fla., and Houston, Tex. Even though New York City and New Orleans are at such great risk, there are mitigation strategies policymakers can implement to try and reduce the chance of catastrophe, Shao says.

Amanda Montañez; Source: “A Tale of Two Coasts: Unveiling U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Cities at High Flood Risk,” by Hemal Dey and Wanyun Shao, in Science Advances, Vol. 12, Article No. aec2079. Published online April 22, 2026 (data)

Constructing protective structures such as levees and dikes can help, as can preserving natural landscapes, such as wetlands and estuaries that can act as a natural sponge to absorb floodwaters, in and near the cities, Shao and her colleagues wrote. Replacing concrete in parking lots with more permeable materials, such as grass tiles, would also be beneficial.

But there are challenges to mitigation, says Jeremy Porter, a professor of sociology at the City University of New York. Waterfront property is often expensive, and it can be difficult to convince the owners to vacate.

“In a large-scale program in a city like New York, it’s really hard, with asset values, to move people out,” he says. “Oftentimes, what you’ll get from people buying the homes is them building to an ada