Caspase 5c amplifies Wnt via APC cleavage to promote intestinal homeostasis | Nature

Subjects

- Inflammasome

- Intestinal stem cells

Abstract

Caspase 5 (CASP5) is a member of the inflammatory caspase family of cysteine proteases that is involved in inflammation and cell death1,2,3. CASP5 shares the highest homology with inflammatory CASP4, but whereas CASP4 is essential for noncanonical inflammasome activation, CASP5 is dispensable4,5,6, and its function remains unknown. Here we show that CASP5 is restricted to the human intestinal epithelium and manifests as three isoforms—CASP5A, CASP5B and CASP5C—among which CASP5C uniquely promotes Wnt signalling, which is essential for epithelial development and regeneration7. We identified dishevelled, which bridges Wnt receptors to the β-catenin destruction complex8, as a prominent CASP5 binding partner in colonic epithelial cells. Dishevelled interacts with the CASP5 catalytic domain through its DEP (dishevelled, EGL-10 and pleckstrin) domain. Lacking the inhibitory caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) of CASP5A and CASP5B, CASP5C cleaves the central scaffold protein APC at Asp556 in the Armadillo repeat domain, destabilizing the β-catenin destruction complex and thereby enhancing Wnt signalling. CASP5C expression peaks in transit-amplifying cells, the Wnt-reliant progeny of intestinal stem cells7, whereas CASP5A and CASP5B predominate in mature enterocytes. Endogenous and ectopic CASP5C drive growth of colonic and small intestinal organoids, which is known to require proliferation of transit-amplifying cells9. Furthermore, CASP5C is selectively induced upon intestinal epithelial injury, and its expression is increased in inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, CASP5C is an enzymatic amplifier of Wnt signalling that cleaves APC to sustain proliferation of transit-amplifying cells amid a declining Wnt gradient, safeguarding epithelial renewal. These findings broaden the roles of inflammatory caspases beyond innate immunity, uncovering their contribution to tissue homeostasis.

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Fig. 1: Three isoforms of CASP5 are enriched in intestinal tissues and interact with dishevelled.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Fig. 2: CASP5C uniquely amplifies Wnt signalling.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Fig. 3: CASP5C disrupts the β-catenin destruction complex by cleaving APC.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Fig. 4: CASP5c enrichment in TA cells.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Fig. 5: CASP5C amplifies Wnt signalling in colonic organoids.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Data availability

The public single-cell datasets that were used in this study can be accessed through the Single Cell Portal (SCP259), Gut Cell Atlas website (https://www.gutcellatlas.org/), GSE185224 and EGAS00001001945. Bulk RNA-seq and methylation datasets from TCGA were downloaded from Broad Firehose (https://doi.org/10.7908/C11G0KM9), and mutation information was downloaded from cBioPortal. Mouse bulk RNA-seq data was from GSE190286. The UniProt Homo sapiens reference proteome was downloaded from UniProt. The mass spectrometry raw files are accessible under MassIVE ID: MSV000089179. URLs for the original expression bar graphs (figures adapted from the Human Protein Atlas) are as follows: Fig. 1b, https://v23.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000196954-CASP4/tissue; Fig. 1c, https://v23.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000137757-CASP5/tissue; Extended Data Fig. 2i, https://v23.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000196954-CASP4/single+cell+type; and Extended Data Fig. 2j, https://v23.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000137757-CASP5/single+cell+type. Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

The code for data processing and analysis in bioinformatics is fully referenced and described in the Methods.

References

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