Why are PFASs so hard to replace?
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Researchers test wastewater for PFASs to track their levels in the environment. Credit: APChanel/Shutterstock
Fluorine, one of the smallest atoms of the elements in the periodic table, brings impressive properties to tens of thousands of products. Adding an atom of fluorine into a drug molecule can make it more potent by slowing its breaking down in the body. The electrolytes used to shuttle ions through lithium-ion batteries are fluorine-containing materials. Refrigerants for keeping food fresh, medicines safe and buildings cool, often contain fluorine, as do propellants used to release gases in asthma inhalers and fire extinguishers. Fluorine is also a key component in the stable polymers used for non-stick cookware coatings and waterproof materials.
Nature Index 2026 Chemistry