How the classic computer game Doom became a tool for science

Email Bluesky Facebook LinkedIn Reddit Whatsapp X Developers of the computer game Doom released the game's code in 1997, allowing scientists to use it as part of their research. Credit: id Software via ArcadeImages/Alamy When the computer game Doom was released in 1993, its utility for science wasn’t immediately clear. Since then, the first-person shooter has been used in many studies, from helping to improve artificial-intelligence models 1 to investigating the effects of video games on memory and aggression 2 . It has also spawned a subculture in which fans and developers, including scientists, try to run the game on different devices — from calculators to digital pregnancy tests. Last month, scientists in Australia reported that they had taught neurons grown on a silicon chip to play the game. The phrases ‘Can it run Doom ?’ and ‘It runs Doom ’ have become a popular Internet meme. Alon Loeffler, a synthetic-biological-intelligence scientist who was part of the team at biotechnology company Cortical Labs in Melbourne, Australia, which trained the neurons, says the team chose Doom because of the meme. He and his colleagues first taught neurons to play the classic video game Pong in 2021 . Doom , with its more complex environment, was a natural next step, he says, because “the Internet always asks, ‘Can it play Doom ?’” The subculture around the meme reflects the crucial role of play in science, says Mars Buttfield-Addison, a software developer and PhD candidate at the University of Tasmania in Hobart, Australia. By engaging in play and having fun, researchers are using the same kind of creativity needed to solve scientific problems. “Making something silly doesn’t take any less work than making something really technical,” she adds, and engaging in fun science can be a powerful motivator. Games in science Doom is not the only video game used in research. The hugely popular sandbox game Minecraft has also been used to develop and test AI models 3 , and the online multiplayer game World of Warcraft has been used to simulate disease outbreaks 4 . But Doom is particularly appealing for research because, in 1997, its code was published online by John Carmack, one of its developers at id Software in Richardson, Texas. This allows people to adapt the game so that it works on other platforms or devices, says Buttfield-Addison. Doom also doesn’t require much storage space, she adds. From bacteria to satellites Lauren 'Ren' Ramlan, a biological engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, has integrated the game into her research. In 2023, during the first year of her doctoral programme, she used Escherichia coli bacteria to display a few frames of Doom . She attached a fluorescent protein to the bacterial cells that could be turned on or off, making them act like black and white pixels on a screen. She then translated and compressed the first few frames of Doom into black-and-white versions that matched the plate growing the cells. Enjoying our latest content? Log in or create an account to continue Access the most recent journalism from Nature's award-winning team Explore the latest features & opinion covering groundbreaking research Access through your institution or Sign in or create an account Continue with Google Continue with ORCiD doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00813-4 References de Wynter, A. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.05468 (2024). Krcmar, M., Farrar, K. & McGloin, R. Comput. Hum. Behav. 27 , 432–439 (2011). Article Google Scholar Schipper, O., Zhang, Y., Du, Y., Pechenizkiy, M. & Fang, M. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.06235 (2025). Balicer, R. D. Epidemiology 18 , 260–261 (2007). Article Google Scholar Download references Reprints and permissions Related Articles Neurons in a dish learn to play Pong — what’s next? Subjects Culture Biotechnology Software Technology Latest on: Culture Biotechnology Software First bot, singular Futures 11 MAR 26 Cracked, but still there: the glass ceiling persists for senior women in science Career Column 06 MAR 26 All the world is staged Futures 04 MAR 26 Genetically modified pig liver keeps man alive until human organ transplant News 06 MAR 26 Genome modelling and design across all domains of life with Evo 2 Article 04 MAR 26 Cell-free chromatin state tracing reveals disease origin and therapy responses Article 04 MAR 26 OpenClaw AI chatbots are running amok — these scientists are listening in News 06 FEB 26 ‘It means I can sleep at night’: how sensors are helping to solve scientists’ problems Spotlight 04 FEB 26 Training large language models on narrow tasks can lead to broad misalignment Article 14 JAN 26 Jobs Application for a tenure-track faculty position Tenure Track Position Jerusalem The Hebrew University Professor of Integrated Immunology The Department of Biology (D-BIOL; www.biol.ethz.ch) at ETH Zurich invites applications for the above-mentioned position. Zurich, Switz