‘Jaw-dropping’ fossils reset the clock on when complex animals evolved

April 2, 2026

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‘Jaw-dropping’ fossils reset the clock on when complex animals evolved

A treasure trove of fossils from China shows that the Cambrian explosion may have been less explosive than scientists once believed

By Jackie Flynn Mogensen edited by Claire Cameron

A deuterostome cambroernid fossil and an artist’s reconstruction of it. (The scale bar is two millimeters.)

Gaorong Li/Xiaodong Wang

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Around 540 million years ago, the ocean erupted with complex life: Creatures rapidly transformed from simple, soft-bodied, ocean-floor-dwelling animals into bodies we might recognize today—animals with, say, a shell or cartilage, a mouth and anus, and the ability to swim, burrow or hunt.

Scientists call this short, sharp burst of evolutionary activity the Cambrian explosion, and it has informed the way we think about how life as we know it evolved on our planet. But the discovery of a trove of bizarre fossils in China is challenging that consensus—the Cambrian explosion may have been less explosive than we thought.

Hundreds of fossils uncovered in southern China’s province of Yunnan reveal that at least some of the life-forms scientists had thought arose in the Cambrian period were alive and thriving millions of years earlier, in an era known as the Ediacaran period. Many of the fossils look alien, from wormlike creatures tethered to the ground to a “sausage-shaped” animal and a fingerlike organism with tentacles. The findings were published in the journal Science on Thursday.

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A newly discovered fossil of a sausage-shaped animal with an end-positioned mouth. (The scale bar is 2 mm.)

Gaorong Li

The discovery was something of an accident, says Frances Dunn, a senior researcher of natural history at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and a co-author of the paper. Her colleagues at Yunnan University in China found the trove while looking for algal fossils in the region’s cliff faces—its rocks are famous for their ability to preserve ancient life.

This chance finding, Dunn says, turned out to hold “some of the most significant early animal fossils” found in decades. More than 700 specimens from the Ediacaran period were there. Some were mere algae, but hundreds more were animals that appeared in “a variety of different forms,” she says.

The most common animal the team found was an organism about the size of a human adult index finger that had a wormlike body and a disk that kept it rooted to the seafloor. Its frequency—more than 100 of the new specimens were examples of this unnamed creature—suggests it once densely populated the ocean floor, Dunn says.

“It was unlike anything I’ve ever seen,” Dunn says.

A reconstruction of life based on fossils found in the Chinese province of Yunnan dating to about 554 million to 539 million years ago.

Xiaodong Wang

What was most jaw-dropping, however, was that so many of the found fossils looked uncannily like they belonged to the Cambrian period rather than the Ediacaran, she says. Some, including the abundant worm, were “bilaterians.” This term refers to animals with bilateral symmetry, or a body plan where one side mirrors the other. This critical evolutionary adaptation helped early life to move through sediment or the water column, develop a nervous system and eventually “dominate” the animal kingdom, Dunn says. Most animals today are bilaterians—including humans.

Before, scientists thought bilaterians primarily arose during the Cambrian period and were rare—certainly not diverse and flourishing—in the Ediacaran.

The new fossils offer a glimpse into a “transitional world,” where simple, soft-bodied life-forms lived alongside complex bilaterians. Some of the specimens look highly similar to cambroernids—animals that looked vaguely similar to modern-day sea cucumbers—which have previously only been dated to the Cambrian.

A nonbilaterian fossil (with a scale bar of 2 mm) and an artist’s reconstruction of it.

Gaorong Li/Xiaodong Wang

This is a once-in-a-lifetime find, Dunn says. “People have been on the hunt for a fossil site like