April 2, 2026

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Octopus sex is even weirder than you think

Scientists have learned how male octopuses’ specialized sperm-depositing arm knows where to go

By Cody Cottier edited by Claire Cameron

Scientists have now learned a lot more about the sex life of the California two-spot octopus.

Windzepher/Getty Images

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Octopus sex hinges on a peculiar anatomical trick. In lieu of a penis, the male has a special mating arm called a hectocotylus. He feels around with it inside the female’s mantle—the bulbous structure behind the eyes that houses all of an octopus’s organs, including reproductive ones—until he finds her ovaries. He then slides a sac of sperm down his arm and deposits it. But the male can’t actually see what he’s doing. So how does he know when he’s found the right spot to send in the sperm? The answer, it turns out, lies in the arm itself.

In a new study published today in Science, researchers show that the male octopus’s mating arm can sense a female’s sex hormones emanating from the oviduct.

The suckers on octopus arms are equipped with chemotactile receptors that allow them to “taste” their surroundings through touch. But octopuses don’t typically use the hectocotylus in hunting or seafloor exploration—instead males hold it close to their bodies when they’re not mating. Nevertheless, this appendage, like the other seven, comes loaded with receptors, says Pablo Villar, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and co-lead author of the new paper.

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To understand what purpose these receptors might serve, Villar and his colleagues coaxed a pair of California two-spot octopuses to mate in the lab. Because octopuses can be aggressive, the researchers installed a divider in the tank with a few small holes so the pair could warm up to each other. This arrangement might seem ill-suited for lovemaking, but surprisingly, the male simply reached across the barrier and got busy. The researchers tested four more mating pairs and got the same result—even in total darkness. “They made it seem super, super natural,” Villar says.

Octopuses are highly visual creatures who communicate through body language and color changes. But these flourishes don’t seem essential for mating. “They were able to do it with no visual cues,” Villar says, “just by touching.” Female octopuses, he and his team theorized, must release some kind of chemical signal to guide males in.

They found that the octopus oviduct produces enzymes that are used to make the sex hormone progesterone. This hormone seems to be what gets the hectocotylus going: when the researchers attached tubes to the holes in the tank divider, each coated with a different chemical, males were quickly drawn to the one containing progesterone. Even amputated mating arms behaved the same way, responding to progesterone but not to other molecules.

Many animals rely to some extent on detecting sex hormones to mate. But the organ that senses those hormones is usually separate from the one that delivers the sperm; in male octopuses, the hectocotylus does both. That way, says Nicholas Bellono, a molecular biologist at Harvard University and Villar’s postdoctoral advisor, “you make sure at the site of release that that’s the exact spot.”

Females of different octopus species may have unique chemical signatures, and males’ receptors may be tuned to respond only to the right blend of hormones. If so, this mating strategy could help keep species separate and potentially give rise to new ones. “Species boundaries are shaped not only by the genes organisms carry, but by the molecular systems that determine how organisms perceive one another,” Anna Di Cosmo, a zoologist at the University of Naples Federico II, wrote in a commentary accompanying the new study. “By reshaping perception, evolution reshapes reproduction, which reshapes the tree of life.”

Elena Gracheva, a neurophysiologist at Yale University, who was not involved in the new study, says it’s too soon to tell whether all octopuses mate in this way or what role these sensory systems may play