April 10, 2026

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Medieval poets wrote about auroras. Their work is providing clues to the solar cycle

Medieval poets, including a Japanese noble, provided key descriptions to track down solar events

By Jacek Krywko edited by Sarah Lewin Frasier

Red aurora over Engaru, Hokkaido, Japan. Medieval documents described auroras and other solar phenomena that researchers matched with evidence in tree rings to learn about the solar cycle.

Tomohiro M. Nakayama (CC BY-NC)

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For three nights straight in the winter of 1204, red and white stripes stretched across the northern and northeastern horizon in the night sky over Kyoto. This observation was recorded in part by a Japanese noble named Fujiwara no Sadaie in his diary, entitled Meigetsuki.

A hand-copied version of the Edo-period diary Meigetsuki. The page shown references “red lights in the northern sky.”

National Archives of Japan

“It was an aurora, and three-day-long auroras are extremely rare,” says Hiroko Miyahara, a physicist at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. To trace the solar events that caused these auroras, Miyahara and her colleagues looked for spikes of telltale atomic variations trapped in 13th-century tree rings, using Medieval literature to guide their search. Their findings were published in the Proceedings of the Japanese Academy, Series B.

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When the sun gets violently active, it can throw coronal mass ejections and bursts of particles with energies of up to 10 billion electron volts toward Earth. If these high-energy cosmic rays hit our atmosphere, they trigger a cascade of nuclear reactions that produce rare versions of atoms, including carbon-14. Trees then absorb this radioactive isotope, locking a chemical time stamp of the solar storm into their annual growth rings. Extreme solar storms leave massive carbon-14 spikes in tree rings, but smaller-scale events are much harder and more time-consuming to detect. “That’s why we need literature accounts to narrow down the candidate period,” Miyahara says.

Illustration of Fujiwara no Teika from the Edo period.

Kikuchi Yosai

Searching through Asian and European written mentions of auroras led Miyahara and her colleagues to focus on the period between C.E. 1196 and 1211. To their surprise, though, the prolonged auroras of 1204 left no corresponding surge in carbon-14. Instead the team found an abrupt jump in the isotope just a few years earlier, between C.E. 1200 and 1201, that was marked with descriptions of an aurora and sunspots in Chinese and Korean texts. This jump, researchers calculated, was caused by an event 14 times larger than the solar storm of February 23, 1956, which remains the most intense recorded in the modern era. “If this happened today, it would cause us lots of trouble,” Miyahara says: sufficiently powerful solar storms can affect satellites, communications systems and the power grid.

According to Charlotte Pearson, a dendrochronologist—or tree-ring researcher—at the University of Arizona, who was not involved in the study, the work “helps to build the picture of past solar activity far back beyond the measured and observational record, and what is especially cool about it is that you get two records for the price of one—you get solar events and solar cycles in year-to-year detail.”

Asunaro cypress tree samples provided by Tohoku University.

Hiroko Miyahara/OIST

Miyahara’s team found that the solar cycles back in the 13th century were shorter and lasted between seven and eight years instead of the 11 years that we observe today. The researchers also found that the 1200–1201 event occurred at the maximum of one of these abbreviated activity cycles. Powerful storms at solar maximum are expected—but the literature analysis revealed accounts of many more unusual storms that occurred around the cycle minimum as well. Like the Meigetsuki observation, these may not have left tree-ring records.

“It means we need to pay attention to potentially significant solar events not just when the sun is highly active but also when it is at low activity,” says Brian Thomas, an astrophysicist at Washburn University in Kansas, who wa